Learning Center Red Cross: Basic Anatomy And Physiology

Anatomy (body structure): the science of studying the composition reply form or the body and known to science explained dg
Physiology (body physiology): yg studying physiological sciences (function) part of the tool or tissue
Anatomical position: standing upright, arms at your sides, palms facing forward.
Medial field: dividing the body into 2 parts left and right.
Frontal field: dividing the body into 2 parts ie front (anterior) and rear (posterior)
Transverse field: divides the body into 2 parts namely the (superior) and bottom (inferior)

Anatomical Position

Imagination Field Body Dividers

Proximal: close to the reference point / axis of the body
Distal: away from the reference point / axis of the body

Parts of the body:

Head: skull, face and lower jaw
Neck
Trunk body: chest, abdomen, back and pelvis
Members of motion for: shoulder joint, upper arm, forearm, elbow, wrist and hand
Lower limbs: hip joint, leg up (thigh), knee, lower leg, ankle and foot.

Body Cavity

Division of Abdominal Cavity

The human body is composed of: the cell network --- --- --- organ system
System in the human body:

System framework
Muscular system / muscular
Respiratory System / Respiratory
Circulatory system / circulation
The nervous system / nerve
Digestive system / digestive
System clogged glands / endocrine
Urinary System / Urinary
Skin
Sensory
Reproductive System

System framework: classification of bone: long bone / pipe, short, flat, irregular and sesamoid
Division order system:

bone head
order chest
spine and pelvis
limb bones of
lower limb bones

Composition of the framework:

Skull brain: composed of the brain, skull base
The skull's face: the nose, jaw, tongue tl
Spine: neck, back, hips, crotch and topsy-turvy
Framework of the chest: sternum and ribs
Pelvic bone: bone intestines, and pubic bone tuberosities
Members of motion of: clavicle, scapula, radius, ulna, a bone lever, tanagan wrist bone, tl palms and finger bones.
Lower limb: thigh bone, knee bone, shin, ankle bones, foot bones and toe bones.

The framework:

Supporting body
Protects organs
Places attached muscles and body movement
Gives the body shape of the building

Frame System

Muscle systems: yg enables the body organs can be moved
Classified into:

Skeletal muscle / shift latitude / striated
Smooth muscle
Cardiac muscle

Skeletal muscle: a self-moving equipment and maintain an active posture, moved on the orders of the brain, in a state of rest remains a tension / muscle tone
Composition of skeletal muscle: the muscles of the head, neck, shoulders, chest, abdomen, back, base of upper arm, lower arm around the pelvis, upper and lower limbs

Muscle tone functions:

Maintaining the attitude and position of the body
Cavity changes by holding the abdominal muscles
Keep blood pressure by the muscles of the blood vessel wall

Smooth muscle: injure the body of work without realizing it, ill-based command but by stimulating the brain, the body structure diyemukan shaped tubuler spt yg gastrointestinal tract, urinary system, blood vessels, respiratory tract in the lungs
Cardiac muscle: a blend of smooth muscle and striated muscle, has its own electrical system, can set their own pace and without the command frequency of the brain

Muscle System

Respiratory system is divided into 2:

Breathing in (gas exchange in the network)
External respiration (gas exchange in the lungs)

Composition:

Airways of: mouth, nose and farings
Lower respiratory tract: the base, stem and bronchus
Lung
Respiratory muscles: chest diaphragm, chest wall muscles, muscle ventilator.
Alveoli (where gas exchange)
The brain (the central respiratory regulation

Respiratory System

Respiratory Function:

Taking oxygen
Removing carbon dioxide
Warms and moisturizes the air

The process of breathing:

Inhale / inspiration / ekshalasi
Exhale / expiratory / ekshalasi

4-6 minutes of oxygen will cause brain damage
Usually 8-10 minutes will menyebabakan brain cell death
How to breathing: respiratory chest and abdomen

Breathing Process

Blood circulation system:

Heart
Blood vessels
Blood and its components
Lymph channels

heart: a muscular organ dg berbentu cone peak below and above the base, between the 2 lungs, chest tl behind, facing to the left and work autonomously
Blood vessels:

Pulse of blood vessels / arteries
Veins / venous
Hair vascular / capillary

Circulatory System

Heart

Blood Vessels

Capillary has a function:

Interface arteries and veins
Place of substance exchange between blood and tissue fluid
Taking the results of the gland
Absorb the nutrients in the gut
Kidneys filter the blood in

Lymph channels: soft tissue is very small capillaries in the tissues of organs, collecting, sorting and distributing the lymph fluid into the blood to clear the network

The function of blood;

Transporter: oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrient substances and substances are not useful
Immune disease
Mengedarakan heat throughout the body
Helps blood clot when there is injury

Composition of blood:

Water
Protein
Mineral
Organic materials

The amount of blood in the body: ± 1 / 13 x BB or 8%

Blood consists of:

Liquid plasma in which dissolved nutrients, waste and immune substances
Red blood cells: ± 5 million / mm ³
White blood cells (5000-10.000/mm ³)
Platelets (200.000-400.000/mm ³)

Factors affecting circulation reply:

Contents and blood components
Pressure and blood vessels
Heart conditions and blood vessels

Circulation consists of: a small circulation and a large
Pulse; every heart beat it will be forwarded through the arteries
Nervous system: the organ reply, and working to coordinate with the body kejasama
The division of the nervous system:

Central nervous system:

a. Brain: the cerebrum, brain stem small and
b. Spinal tube

2. Composition sarag edge:

a. Somatic nervous system
b. Autonomic nervous system: sympathetic and parasympathetic

Function:

a. Sensory (received ransang)
b. Motor: regulate movement, other systems, consciousness, language and emotion

Brain

Spinal Nerve

Digestive system: the channel receiving food from outside for absorbed thereby help digest dg caie enzymes and substances from the mouth to the anus
Composition:

Mouth
Pharynx
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine: gut 12 fingers, jejenum and ileum
Large intestine: seikum, ascending colon, appendix, transverse colon, descending colon, sigmoid colon, intestine and rectum axis

Gastrointestinal Composition

Sap digestive organs:

Salivary gland
Gastric lymph
Gland liver
Pancreatic gland
Intestinal lymph

Function: process becomes makann posterior nutrients are absorbed into the blood, every part of the digestive arrangement has funsi each for helping the process of respiration
Endocrine system: glands clogged / adalh endocrine gland secretory hasi wrote submit to blood dala in glandular tissue without passing through the channel and the result is called hormone sekrersinya
Endocrine organs:

Gland hipofise
Thyroid and parathyroid glands
Suprarenal gland
Thymus gland
Gland pinealis
Gonad

Endocrine system function

Generate tissue for hormones
Control the body's glands work
Stimulate the body's glands work
Merangsng tissue growth
Regulate metabolism, oxidation, and increased absorption in the small intestine glukiosa
Affect the metabolism of fats, proteins, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and water

Effect of deficiency or excess production will cause endocrine diseases
Urinary system: the blood screening process to absorb the reply is used to free the body and substance are not used body reply
Composition:

Kidneys: urinary issue, attached directly to the rear wall of the stomach waist-high segment of the third bone in the left and right
Ureter
Bladder
urethra

Renal function:

Excrete toxins
Regulate fluid balance
Adjust the salt concentration of the blood
Regulate blood acid base
Removing the remaining metabolism: ammonia, creatinine

Composition of Urinary System

Skin: network layer on the outside, cover and protect the surface of the body, mucous membranes associated reply cavities covering the entrance hole
Composition:

Cuticle layer
Skin layer hides
Subcutaneous layer

Functions of skin:

Preventing injury
Protection against microorganisms
Maintaining body temperature
Regulate fluid balance
Tools stimulation from the outside
Sensory organs: around, pressure, temperature and pain

Skin Structure

Five senses: an organ for receiving types of stimulation (stimulus) a particular skin layer
Sight (eye) is composed of:

Aids eye: cavity of the eye, eyebrows, eyelids, tear glands, eye muscle
Eyeball

Function: sight as acceptor stimulation of rays on the retina through the optic nerve fibers to the visual centers in the brain to interpret.

Eyes

Eye Pupil

Sense of hearing (ears) are composed:

Outer ear
Middle ear
Inner ear

Function as a process of hearing and balance
Sense of smell (nose): a tool of smell located in the nasal cavity, out of the olfactory nerve endings. These nerve fibers appeared at the top of the mucous membranes professed as olfactory bulbus. The smell of the nasal cavity entrant will stimulate the olfactory nerves, stimulating forwarded to the central olfactory
Sense of taste (tongue): as the senses of taste, is located on the floor of the mouth is covered by mucous membrane and move in any direction. Mucous membranes and pharynx contains nipple nipple-buds.
Composition: the base of the tongue, back of the tongue and the tip of the tongue.
Function:

Feel the sense of food.
Refles tool, with the sense to stimulate the digestive sap out

Kinds of taste: bitter at the base of the tongue, sweet tip of the tongue, salty on the tip & side of the tongue, sour on the side of the tongue
Reproductive system: the reproductive organs to form the genital tract associated with Urinary tract. On the second man this tract is directly related to women are not united.
Composition tool male genitalia:

Glands: testes, seminal vesika, prostate, bulbouretralis
Gland duktuli: epididymis, seminal duct, urethra
Wake connector: scrotum, penis fenikulus spermatikus